Democracy and Democratization

POLM047

Democracy and Democratization

30 credits

Lecturer: Professor Jack Vowles

Office Hours: Monday 2-3

j.vowles@exeter.ac.uk

skype jvowlez

Tutorials/Seminar Monday 4-6, Amory B143

Aims

To examine theories of democratization and democratic stability, their normative foundations and associated implications, their empirical underpinnings in comparative empirical research, and assess the consequences of such findings for ‘engineering democracy’.

Intended Learning Outcomes

Module-specific skills: On completion of the module, students should understand the process of democratization, what enhances it or holds it back, and the extent to which new democracies under various conditions can be expected to survive and stabilise.

Discipline-specific skills: On completion of the module, students should have a good understanding of how political science can help actors understand and promote the development of stable and effective democracies, and the strengths and weaknesses of the discipline as a basis for such ‘democratic engineering’.

Personal and key skills: Students will add to their experience of communicating their ideas and information in seminar settings, and in their ability to weave together normative arguments and empirical analysis.

Teaching Programme

Teaching is conducted through an introductory lecture and class discussion, followed by student seminars. The main emphasis is on those weekly two-hour seminar presentations, for which all students are expected to read background materials to make possible their active participation in discussion.

Seminars provide you with an opportunity to discuss a specific set of questions pertaining to the issues scheduled for discussion. All students will be expected to have prepared for the seminar/tutorial by covering some of the reading scheduled for each topic and every student should expect to contribute to the discussion. The role of the course teacher is to facilitate and guide discussion, not to provide you with all the answers.

Seminar Schedule

1. Introduction

The Main Theoretical Models

2. History and Class: Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy

3. From the Civic Culture to Social Capital

4. The Modernisation/Development Model

5. Game Theoretical Models of Democratization

6. Democratization as Process and Narrative

Case Studies

7. Europe Between the Wars: Institutions and Crises

8. Presidentialism? Latin America and elsewhere…

9. Post-communism

10 Electoral Engineering

11. Review, Conclusions

Assessment:

Assignments

Two ‘work in progress’ seminar Assessments, worth 5 per cent each.

Normally, a presentation will be expected to be of 20-30 minutes in duration, with variation depending on the number of presentations per class.

Assessment

Two ‘Work in Progress’ Seminar Assessments, worth 5 per cent each

Two 4500 word essays, worth 45 per cent each, essay one due March 2, essay 2 due April 1

Reading

Please note: these lists are not exhaustive and students are encouraged to seek out further sources. Further sources may be provided for class readings as the module is taught.

Core Background Reading

Haerpfer, C., Berhagen, P., Inglehart, R.F., and Welzel, C., (eds) (2009) Democratization. Oxford University Press (ready text)

Teorell, J. (2010). Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World 1972-2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Indicative Basic Reading List

Moore, Barrington, Social origins of dictatorship and democracy; lord and peasant in the making of the modern world, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966

Almond, Gabriel A. and Sidney Verba The civic culture; political attitudes and democracy in five nations, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1963.

Almond, Gabriel A. and Sidney Verba, ed., The Civic culture revisited. Newbury Park, Sage Publications, 1989.

Lipset, Seymour Martin and Stein Rokkan, ed., Party systems and voter alignments: cross-national perspectives. New York, Free Press 1967

Przeworski, Adam, Michael Alvarez, Jose-Antonio Cheibub, Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Putnam, Robert D. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton University Press 1973.

Capoccia, Giovanni, Defending democracy: reactions to extremism in interwar Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.

Linz, Juan J. and Arturo Valenzuela. The Failure of presidential democracy: comparative perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

O’Donnell, Guillermo Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead. Transitions from authoritarian rule. Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, c1986.

Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Bermeo, Nancy. Ordinary people in extraordinary times: the citizenry and the breakdown of democracy. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003

Boix, Carles Democracy and Redistribution Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003

Howard, Marc Morjé, The weakness of civil society in post Communist Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003

Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006

Horowitz, Donald L. A democratic South Africa? Constitutional engineering in a divided society. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1991.

Reilly, Ben. Democracy in divided societies: electoral engineering for conflict management. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Tilly, Charles, Democracy. New York, Cambridge 2007.

Other General Background Readings

Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge University Press 2005.

Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization: Process and Prospects in a Changing World Boulder, Westview Press 2007.

Robert Alan Dahl, Ian Shapiro, José Antônio Cheibub, eds, The Democracy Sourcebook , London, MIT Press, 2003 (ready text)

Grugel, Jean. 2002. Democratization: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Dahl, Robert. 1971. Polyarchy. New Haven: Yale.

Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan, eds. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press.

Geddes, Barbara. `What do we know about democratization after twenty years?’ Annual Review of Political Science 2:115-144.

DiPalma, Guiseppe. 1990. To Craft Democracies. Berkeley: University of California.

Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan. 1996. ‘Democracy and Its Arenas.'' In Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, eds. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. pp3-15.

Rustow, Dankwart. 1970. ‘Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model.’ Comparative Politics (April): 337-363.

Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela. Eds, Issues in Democratic Consolidation. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame, 1992.

Ideally, however, you should be aiming to read at least four items for each seminar. For your essays you should be consulting a minimum of eight pieces.

Please keep in mind that module reading lists are only indicators of some relevant reading materials and you should browse the library shelves to find alternative sources that may give you a different perspective.

Much of the material we cover in this module can be accessed through textbooks; however, you should begin to familiarize yourself with Journal articles. Journals can be accessed and read online at: http://lib.ex.ac.uk/search/s

Some of the main journals relevant to this module are Journal of Democracy, and Democratization, both held by the library and available electronically.

Data

See my personal website at http://www.jackvowlesdomain.co.uk/Data_Com_Pol_Sci.html.

This lists and provides links to various useful sources of relevant primary data including Freedom House ratings of democracy for most countries in the world, the World Bank’s Database of Political Institutions, the Penn World Tables, and the datasets available from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES).

Seminar Topics And Associated Readings

Ideally you should be aiming to read at least four items for each seminar. For your essays you should be consulting a minimum of eight pieces and, at the MA level, some would normally expect more.

Many of the readings are available in pdf form on this module’s pages in Web-CT.

Relevant chapters in Haerpfer et al should also be consulted.

Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy

Required Reading

‘The Democratic Route to Modern Society’, chapter 7 in Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy.

Theda Skocpol , ‘A Critical Review of Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy’, Politics & Society 1973 4: 1-34, republished in her Social Revolutions in the Modern World, Cambridge University Press 1994, and in The Democracy Sourcebook.

Other sources

APSR review by Gabriel Almond

http://www.jstor.org/view/00030554/di960946/96p00184/0

http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article327501.ece

James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press, 2003 (ready text).

John D. Stephens, ‘Democratic Transition and Breakdown in Western Europe, 1870-1939: A Test Of The Moore Thesis’, American Journal of Sociology, 94, 5, 1019-1077.

J.M. Weiner, ‘The Barrington Moore Thesis and its Critics’ Theory and Society, 2, 3, 1975, 301-330.

Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions. Cambridge University Press 1979.

Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, eds., Capitalist Development and Democracy, Cambridge, Polity, 1992

Evelyne Huber and Frank Safford, eds. Agrarian structure & political power: landlord & peasant in the making of Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995.

From the Civic Culture to Social Capital

Required Reading

At least two of:

Chapter 1 in The Civic Culture

Chapter 1 in The Civic Culture Revisited.

Chapter 1 in Putnam, Making Democracy Work

Other Sources

Philip Converse, APSR review, http://www.jstor.org/view/00323195/di980325/98p08704/0

Peter J. Burnell, Peter Calvert, eds, Civil Society in Democratization. London, Routledge, 2004.

Gabriel Almond, "The Civic Culture: Prehistory, Retrospect, and Prospect" (November 17, 1996). Center for the Study of Democracy. Paper 96-01. http://repositories.cdlib.org/csd/96-01

Muller, E.N. and Seligson, M.A. (1994) Civic culture and democracy: the question of causal relationships, American Political Science Review, 88, pp. 635-652

William M. Riesinger, ‘Renaissance of a rubric: Political culture as concept and theory’, International Journal of Public Opinion Research (1995) 7: 328-352

Larry Diamond, Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries, Boulder, L. Reiner, 1994.

Kendall L. Baker, Russell J. Dalton, Kai Hildebrandt, Germany Transformed: Political Culture and the New Politics. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1981

Robert Rohrschneider, Learning Democracy: Democratic and Economic Values in Unified Germany. Oxford University Press, 1989.

Bob Edwards, M.W. Foley, and Mario Diani eds. Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective. Tufts University Press, 2001.

David J., Elkins and Richard E. Simeon, ‘A cause in search of its effects, or what does political culture explain?’ Comparative Politics (1979) 11: 127-145.

Ronald Inglehart, The renaissance of political culture. American Political Science Review (1988) 82: 1203-1230

Robert Jackman and Ross Miller, ‘The poverty of political culture’, American Journal of Political Science (1996) 40: 697-716.

Wilson, Richard W. ‘The Many Voices of Political Culture: Assessing Different Approaches,’ World Politics 52 (January 2000), 246-73

J. Johnson, ‘Conceptual Problems as Obstacles to Progress in Political Science: Four Decades of Political Culture Research’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 2003; 15(1): 87 - 115.

Russell J. Dalton, ‘Citizen Attitudes and Political Behavior’ Comparative Political Studies, 2000; 33(6-7): 912 - 940.

Laitin, David D. 1995. ‘The Civic Culture at 30’ American Political Science Review 89:168-73.

Goodhart, Michael, 2005. Civil Society and the Problem of Global Democracy’, Democratization 12(1): 1-21.

Tarrow, S. ‘Making social science work across space and time: A critical reflection on Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work’, American Political Science Review, 90, 1996.

Berman, Sheri. 1997. ‘Civil society and political institutionalization,’ American Behavioral Scientist, 40 (5), 1997, 562-574.

Modernisation

Required Reading:

Seymour Martin Lipset ‘Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy’ American Political Science Review, 53, 1 (1959), pp. 69-105.

Other Sources

Sunder Ramaswamy, Jeffrey W. Cason, eds., Development and Democracy: New Perspectives on an Old Debate, Middlebury College Press, 2003.

Joe Foweraker and Todd Landman, ‘Economic development and democracy revisited: why dependency theory is not yet dead’, Democratization, 11, 1, 2004 , pp. 1-20

Evelyne Huber, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, John D. Stephens ‘The Impact of Economic Development on Democracy’ Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7, 3 (1993), 71-86.

Ross E. Burkhart, Michael S. Lewis-Beck, Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis’, American Political Science Review, 88, 4 (1994), 903-910.

Seymour Martin Lipset ‘Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy’ American Political Science Review, 53, 1 (1959), pp. 69-105.

Lipset, Seymour Martin and Stein Rokkan, ed., Party systems and voter alignments: cross-national perspectives. New York, Free Press 1967

Granato, Jim, Ronald Inglehart and David Leblang, ‘Culture, Values, Stable democracy and Economic Development’ American Journal of Political Science (1996) 40: 680-696

Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, eds., Capitalist Development and Democracy, Cambridge, Polity, 1992

Game Theoretical Models

Boix, Carles Democracy and Redistribution Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003

Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006

Required Reading: Boix, Democracy and Redistribution, introduction

Process and Narrative

Tilly, Charles, Democracy. New York, Cambridge 2007.

Required Reading, Tilly, ‘What is Democracy’, in Tilly, and as much of the rest of the book as possible.

Europe Between the Wars

Required Reading

Capoccia, Giovanni, Defending democracy: reactions to extremism in interwar Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, chapter 1.

Nancy Bermeo, ‘Going Mad or Going Bad: Citizens, Scarcity, and the Breakdown of Democracy in Interwar Europe’, Scholarship Repository, University of California (http://repositories.cdlib.org/csd/97-06/).

Background Reading

Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, and Jeremy Mitchell, eds., Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919-39: Systematic Case Studies. Basingstoke, MacMillan, 2000.

Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, and Jeremy Mitchell, Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe, 1919-39: Comparative Analyses, Palgrave-MacMillan 2002.

Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, Democratization: The State of the Art. Barbara Budich, 2005.

Hermens, F, Democracy or Anarchy: A Study of Proportional Representation. Notre Dame, Notre Dame University Press. 1941.

Ertman, Thomas, ‘Democracy and dictatorship in interwar western Europe revisited’, World Politics, 50, April 1998, 475-505.

Nancy Bermeo, ‘Democracy in Europe’. Daedalus, 123, 1994

Gregory M. Luebbert, Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe. Oxford University Press 1991.

Mark Irving Lichbach, ‘Governability in interwar Europe: A formal model of authority and performance’, Quality and Quantity, 16, 3, 1982, 197-216.

Berman, S., ‘Civil society and the collapse of the Weimar Republic’ World Politics, 49, 1997.

Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1999.

Juan J. Linz, ‘Fascism, Breakdown of Democracy, Authoritarian and Totalitarian Regimes, Coincidences and Distinctions’, Estudio Working Paoer 2002/179. (http://www.march.es/ceacs/ingles/publicaciones/working/archivos/2002_179.pdf)

Presidentialism? Latin America and elsewhere…

Required Reading

Bermeo, Nancy. Ordinary people in extraordinary times: the citizenry and the breakdown of democracy. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003, chapter 7

Linz, Juan J. 1990. `The Perils of Presidentialism.’ Journal of Democracy 1(1):51-69.

Background Reading

Linz, Juan J. and Arturo Valenzuela. The Failure of presidential democracy: comparative perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

O’Donnell, Guillermo Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead. Transitions from authoritarian rule. Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolid ation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan, eds., 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.

Bermeo, Nancy. Ordinary people in extraordinary times: the citizenry and the breakdown of democracy. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003

Shugart, Matthew S. `On Presidents and Parliaments.’ East European Constitutional Review 2, 1, 30-32.

Siaroff, Alan, ‘Comparative Presidencies: The Inadequacy of the Presidential, Semi-Presidential, and Parliamentary Distinction’, European Journal of Political Research 42, 2003, 287-312.

Metcalf, L.K ’Measuring presidential power’ Comparative Political Studies 33 (5), 2000. 660–685.

Shugart,M.S.& Carey,J.M. Presidents and assemblies: Constitutional design and electoral dynamics. New York, Cambridge University Press,1992.

Shugart, M.S. & Mainwaring, S. ‘Presidentialism and democracy in Latin America: Rethinking the terms of the debate’ in S. Mainwaring and M.S. Shugart (eds.), Presidentialism and democracy in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 12–54.

Postcommunism

Required Reading

Howard, Marc Morjé, The weakness of civil society in post Communist Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, introduction

Michael McFaul, ‘Transitions from Postcommunism’ Journal of Democracy 16, 3, 2005 5-19.

Background Reading

Howard, Marc Morjé, The weakness of civil society in post Communist Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003

Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Graeme Gill, Democracy and Post-Communism: Political Change in the Post-Communist World. Routledge, 2002.

Julie Smith and Elizabeth Teague, Democracy in the New Europe: The Politics of Post-communism. Greycoat Press, 1999.

Christian W. Haerpfer, Democracy and Enlargement in Post-Communist Europe: The Democratization of the general public in 15 Central and Eastern European Countries, 1991-98, Routledge 2002.

Groth, A. J. Communism, Post-Communism and Democracy: A Policy-Outcomes Perspective, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 2005, 21, 3, 375-394

Richard Davis Anderson, M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy. Princeton University Press 2001.

Pavol Demeš , Joerg Forbrig, Robin Shepherd, Reclaiming Democracy: Civil Society and Electoral Change in Central and Eastern Europe, The German Marshall Fund, 2007

Fowkes, Ben. The Post-Communist Era: Change and Continuity in Eastern Europe. NY: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1999

Holmes, Leslie. Post-Communism: An Introduction. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997.

David W. Lovell, ‘Trust and the politics of postcommunism’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 34, 1, March 2001, Pages 27-38

Frye,T. ‘A politics of institutional choice: Post-communist presidencies’ Comparative Political Studies 30, 1997, 523–552.

Engineering Democracy

Required Reading:

Arend Lijphart, ‘Constitutional Design for Divided Societies’, Journal of Democracy, 15, 2, 2004.

Horowitz, D.L. (2003) ‘Electoral Systems: A Primer for Decision Makers’ Journal of Democracy 14(4): 115-127.

Background Reading

Arend Lijphart, Power-Sharing in South Africa University of California Press, 1985.

Horowitz, Donald L. A democratic South Africa? Constitutional engineering in a divided society. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1991.

Reilly, Ben. Democracy in divided societies: electoral engineering for conflict management. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Kurth, James. 2005. ‘Ignoring History: US Democratization in the Muslim World.’ Orbis (Spring): 305-322

Tures, John. 2005. `Operation Exporting Freedom: The Quest for Democratization via United States Military Operations.’' Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 6(1): 97-111.

Larry Diamond. 2005. ‘Building Democracy after Conflict: Lessons from Iraq.’ Journal of Democracy 16(1, January): 9-23.

Larry Goodson, 2005. ‘Bullets, Ballots and Poppies in Afghanistan’ Journal of Democracy 16 (1).

Horowitz, Donald L. 1990. ‘Comparing Democratic Systems.’ Journal of Democracy 1, 1. 51-69.

Horowitz, D.L. (1997) ‘Encouraging Electoral Accommodation in Divided Societies’, in B. V. Lal, & P. Larmour (Eds.), Electoral Systems in Divided Societies: The Fiji Constitutional Review. Canberra: ANU.

Horowitz, D. L. (2000). ‘Some Realism about Peacemaking’ Paper delivered at the conference “Facing Ethnic Conflicts” Center for Development Research: Facing Ethnic Conflicts, Bonn, 14-16 December 2000, 1-17.

Horowitz, D.L. (2002) ‘Constitutional Design: Proposals Versus Process’, in A. Reynolds (Ed.), The Architecture of Democracy; Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 15-36.

Horowitz, D.L. (2003) ‘Electoral Systems: A Primer for Decision Makers’ Journal of Democracy 14(4): 115-127.

Horowitz D.L. (2004) ‘The Alternative Vote and Interethnic Moderation: A Reply to Fraenkel and Grofman’ Public Choice 121 (3-4): 507-516.

Lijphart, Arend. 1992. ‘Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, 1989-1991.’ Journal of Theoretical Politics 4(2).

Taagepera, Rein. 1998. ‘How Electoral Systems Matter for Democratization’ Democratization 5(3): 68-91.

Sarah Birch. 2005. ‘Single-member district electoral systems and democratic transition’. Electoral Studies 24: 281-301.

Horowitz, Donald L. 1994. ‘Democracy in Divided Societies.’ In Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds. Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 35-55.

Fraenkel, J. (2001a) ‘The Alternative Vote System in Fiji; Electoral Engineering or Ballot- Rigging?’ Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 39(2):1-31.

Fraenkel, J. and B. Grofman (2004) ‘A Neo-Downsian Model of the Alternative Vote as a mechanism for Mitigating Ethnic Conflict in Plural Societies’. Public Choice 121(3-4): 487-506.

Fraenkel, J. and B. Grofman (2006a) ‘Does the Alternative Vote Foster Moderation in Ethnically Divided Societies? The Case of Fiji’. Comparative Political Studies 39(5): 623-651.

Fraenkel, J. and B. Grofman (2006b). ‘The Failure of the Alternative Vote as a Tool for Promoting Ethnic Moderation in Fiji: A Reply to Horowitz’ Comparative Political Studies 39(5): 663-666.

Fraenkel, J. and B. Grofman, ‘The Merits of Neo-Downsian Modeling of the Alternative Vote: A Reply to Horowitz’ (http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~bgrofman/)

Pippa Norris, Driving Democracy: Do power-sharing regimes work? New York, Cambridge University Press (http://www.pippanorris.com)

Sartori,G., Comparative constitutional engineering: An inquiry into structures, incentives and outcomes. Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1994.